Traditionally, mathematical models developed for the design of pit limits had been tailored to suit single ore deposits. The case where there are more than one type of ore (complex deposit) had been grossly neglected. This apparent neglect was caused by the difficulty of developing mathematical models that can take care of variations in values, cost of mining and processing that are inherent in complex ore deposits. In this paper, we introduce two new concepts: the complex stripping ratio and the compound unit of ores. These two concepts help to simplify the development of mathematical models for pit limit estimation [...]

Corona Virus pandemic has significant changes the way of doing work in the early year of 2020. A flexible work schedule allows employees to work virtually from home as this pattern of job continuity during the crisis, virtual working environment is implemented by organizations and gets benefits from a new concept of virtual work environment that increases productivity, efficiency & quality, but on other hand, the virtual work environment can cause humans severe health issues that affect the productivity as well. The major goal of this research is to look at how WFH affects employee productivity & health while working [...]

In this paper, a novel multi-view image compression model is proposed, which leverages block-based Compressive Sensing (BCS) as the encoder and TV-AL3 with view synthesis for decoding. The proposed model encodes a total of N images, out of which two are reference views denoted as VR, and the rest are non-reference views denoted as VNR. The encoding of the reference and non-reference views is performed independently using BCS. However, the sub-rate used for encoding the nonreference views is always lower than the sub-rate used for encoding the reference views. The objective of the proposed model is to improve the reconstruction [...]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly common nowadays. The utilization of Machine Learning (ML) algorithm bring the significant consequences and outcomes. In this paper, we used Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio alone with supervised learning, classification, and regression. In this regard, the UCI dataset named auto-mobile have been used. We illustrate the experimental findings that demonstrate that our model approach is better to traditional approaches. The classification and regression challenges, can be solved efficiently and effectively. [...]

Nowadays, cloud computing has become popular due to its scalability, availability, customization, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. these enormous advantages, companies' data centers, that were formerly room-sized, are now migrating to the cloud. However, despite these advantages, there are significant shortcomings in terms of security. As a result, most businesses are hesitant to move from data centers to the cloud due to the organization's secrecy. Therefore, all of the material in this article was focused on problems people face related to security and addressing these issues. [...]

With the advancement in technology in today's era, security issues were growing rapidly, and these were the issues that usually seen in cloud computing as well. Cloud Computing gave us the services virtually for computing that includes the servers, storage, software, virtual machines, databases, etc. It analyzed security issues to make cloud computing as security was one of the major disruptive issues of cloud growth, and it also offers different algorithms such as data security. Cloud computing offers potential benefits providing security to cloud computing much needed. The rapid growth of cloud computing, some security issues are affecting the data [...]

In current era, huge amount of data is readily available. Many tools and techniques to for implementation are also available. However, not every tool and technique can be applied to every application. Therefore, in order to perform a specific task knowing right devices and strategies is vital so that venture assets are not under or over used. The motivation behind writing this literature review paper is to help the reader in gaining valuable insight into such varied and rapidly changing technologies so they can gain long-term benefit instead of continually spending resources on the architecture. This paper will give various [...]

Since few decades to capture body insight one of the most popular techniques introduced as Magnetic resonance Imaging. This technique uses a Magnetic field and computer generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in the body. Earlier as it was new, its working was fine although it was slow for the time being it was acceptable. Later on, due to its slow image accusation, reconstruction, and unclear image quality birth technique did not last long as complete MRI processing becomes an opportunity for researchers to explore and enhance it. In this paper, we will discuss [...]

Recommender systems are often seen as the key success factor for companies like Amazon, YouTube, Google, Netflix, and Spotify. It has become a major research topic with the goal of assisting users in finding items online by providing suggestions that closely match their preferences. Context-aware recommendation system employs the situation or the context to provide user preferences. In this paper, we consider two contextual situations drivers' current mood and driving style to recommend music while traveling. The proposition has been implemented based on collaborative filtering and evaluated using python library. In collaborative filtering, a rating matrix is maintained containing the [...]

In case of a failure in the feeders of the distribution network, some of the customers located on DG-side can directly connect to the Distributed Generative unit (DG). Many researches have so far performed in the field of evaluating the distribution network's reliability in the presence of renewable DG sources. In these researches, it is assumed that, during the failure restoration interval, which results in separating a part of distribution network from its main feeder, the renewable DG unit is able to completely supply the load of the created island, and the rates of generative and consumption of the separated [...]

In modern era there are lots of approaches exist to plan or plot a system and mechanism which can be deploy to harvest ocean energy, for the reason that, the thing which is extremely important in modern world is nothing but power or energy. Extraction of energy from the force of ocean wave is essential source of continues energy generation. However it is not at all devastating as the energy consumed by fossil fuels which degrade earth atmosphere with time. In this paper the investigation of the working way for harnessing energy from ocean waves. Moreover, it is described that [...]

Network intrusions are any unauthorized efforts to infiltrate a computer network. Industrial Control Systems are the consolidation of software and hardware connected to a network to manage control processes in industries. Supervisor Control and Data Acquisition or SCADA are common control systems that incorporate hardware and software tools providing an interface to control, detect, and process data in real-time. Detection and prevention systems against industrial intrusions have been important tools to protect and alert network administrators. Such tools also help against malicious traffic that attack critical infrastructures such as water facilities or power plants which would wreck significant damage to [...]

In this age of Information Technology, energy is essential in our everyday lives. The contemporary world requires a huge quantity of power to satisfy current demands. As a result, alternative sources of energy are needed not only to sustain gap between power supply and demand, but also to be pollution free, ecologically friendly, and sustainable. One of the very accessible natural energy sources is our own human body. Energy is frequently extracted from the human body, such as vibration energy, heat energy, kinetic energy, to name a few. The motive of this paper is to collect energy by the pressure [...]

This study compares and contrasts the effects of tutor feedback (TF) and peers' feedback (PF) in Computer Science students. The context of this study is in undergraduate Computer Science 60 students in Karachi studying programming. Almost all of the students were observed to be motivated by seeing their immediate progress and majority stated that they learned more from feedback based assessment rather the do from traditional assessments. Perceived usefulness was found to be positively correlated to motivation. Students in group 1 were found to improve their annotation quality more upon receiving tutor feedback rather than students that received peers' feedback. [...]

Mobile Ad-Hoc network consists on verily distributed autonomous nodes, which can communicate with one-another. Since, there is no foundation set up to commence the communication; the nodes in the system, build routes for communication with different nodes with no intermediary nodes. Each node must be capable to not only initiate traffic but also help other nodes by forwarding their traffic. In short, it is completely mobile node group doing wireless communication without any central infrastructure[01]. There are different protocols in MANET like OLSR, DSDV,AODV, TORA and WRP etc., but we are focusing here on AODV and TORA. They have [...]

In today's world, increasing power consumption need an efficient and dependable energy source. A microgrid combines distributed energy resources such as diesel generators, wind energy, and solar energy to supply electricity to society in a sustainable way. To provide a dependable and cost-effective service on energy supply and demand, battery storage is incorporated inside the microgrid, and this article presents a method combining economic scheduling and an optimum battery size model to decrease the operational cost of the isolated microgrid. As the battery's lifespan decreases, so does the battery's functioning. Thus, battery depth of discharge status must be addressed for [...]

In metropolitan cities nowadays, hyper marts used by thousands of people for purchasing their daily stuffs. Acquisition of product represents a complex and time consuming process in corridors and checkout queues of hyper marts. On the contrary, it is difficult for retailers to keep their clients loyal due to competition in market, and introduction of technological advancement facilitate customers. Smart Basket and Smart Checkout system plans to introduce in hyper stores. It helps those who do not want to stand in a billing line as it is marred whole shopping. Furthermore, if there is special discount or weekends more rush [...]

Building Question Answering (QA) systems is a very important task in Information Retrieval (IR) / Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain. In IR / NLP domain there are many tasks which are similar which means solution of one task can be used to solve another task. These tasks include building QA systems, paraphrase detection, semantic similarity between sentences/words, semantic entailment, machine comprehension, slot filling and other like tasks. We found that many of these tasks are tackled in research using different techniques and different datasets. We also found that although standardized but most datasets are very small and they cannot solve [...]

Autonomous robots have the ability to acquire knowledge about their environments, and perform task according to the built in intelligent software without human interference. The biggest challenge of today's industry of autonomous robot is the software which actually drive the various functions of robots including communication and navigation systems. In this research, an android based framework is proposed that can be used to provide a low cost and more effective communication and navigation system for autonomous robots. In addition, the autonomous robot (Multi-bot) was developed using Arduino UNO microcontroller integrated with different sensors and C-Programming language along with android studio [...]

Since connecting rod is to subjected complex loading conditions, for which realistic stress prediction is a challenging task. Though the Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used, but its results contain some inaccuracies that comes from various sources, out of them discretization error is considered to be major source. Present study aims to enhance FE solution accuracy through adopting newly developed Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique. In present studydynamic structural behavior of connecting rod is evaluated through conventional and advanced AMR discretization technique. In this research analysis of connecting rod conducted for 1.3 second where cyclic loads have been [...]

A vibration isolator with energy harvesting abilities is presented in this work. The developed device is able to isolate the environment from vibration of appliances such as electrical generators and automobile's engine etc. and convert the vibration to electrical energy. The resulting energy produced from the energy harvester can be used to power the condition monitoring unit The developed device was able to exhibit a resonance at 56 Hz frequency. 1.7 V open circuit voltage was reported for the developed harvester at 2 g acceleration. Moreover, the maximum power delivered to the optimum load of 340 k? was 1. [...]

In the field of embedded system, there is a trade-off between power/performance optimization. Furthermore, demand for High Performance Computing (HPC) is increasing as well [1], hence many heuristics techniques were presented at various development levels such as hardware software co-design, schedulers and optimal code compilation. However, there is a critical issue of power and heat dissipation with these HPC. This paper presents a fuzzy logic based Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques to reduce the power without compromising the performance. For real time implementation, Leon3 architecture was implemented on Vertex 5 FPGA board. Results were tested using both series [...]

Vehicle detection mechanism would save energy and that energy can be given to grid station. If any movable object is 60m at a distance then streetlight will be switched on to lux a road and when object crossed then same will be switched off. Streetlights are on along local roads, motorway, highway but to name a few, for all times as they are not having an automatic control to drive LED (Light Emitting Diode) path light either on in the time of evening and night or off in day time with detection of light dependent resistor. Specially, implementing solar driven [...]

In this research, solar power derives water pump to have water from bore well. From there, drawn water goes to reservoir. Outlet of tank (reservoir) is regulated by moisture sensor (MS) and controller, so that water consumption can be optimized. Flow of control is being controlled in this smart system, water is regulated from water tank to soil. Design of Solar Power Irrigation system saves electric energy by reducing the usage of grid energy, saves oil expenses incurred in tube wells, and most significant, it reduces wastage of water as it is an automatic system to secure water. Solar power, [...]

The excessive growth of internet traffic and broadband services has initiated the requirement for a bandwidth flexible network making services more capable of elasticity. The issue of network management can be brought to simplification with the emergence of Software Defined Networks (SDN) through the introduction of a programmable network. The major problems such as scalability and availability has been addressed which may lead to a cause of failure in load balancing. In order to ensure dynamic load balancing within a SDN, the technique of IP load balancing and provision of a congestion free network has been employed through comparison between [...]

Classification of human emotion using EEG signal is an interesting research topic for many. In this paper a detailed study of classification efficiency of different machine learning algorithms using EEG signal was done. The study make use of DEAP data set. The Valance, Arousal and Dominance values reported in DEAP data set were ranked on Mehrabian 3D emotion classification model to produce 8 emotions. k-mean was used to reduce number of observations in original data set and 3, 10 and 40 centroids were calculated for EEG data. 11 different combinations of emotions were tested using 20 different variations of Decision [...]

An extensive growth in EEG based systems have been observed in the recent decade. This includes treatment and support of mentally challenged persons, gaming, marketing, development of brain controlled devices etc. The performance of all these applications are primarily based on precise classification of human emotions. In this paper, an effective fractional least mean square based emotion classifier is proposed. The rigorous training and testing of the proposed classifier was performed on a benchmark video stimuli based EEG signal dataset. Moreover, the performance of the proposed classifier is also compared with the classical and most employed approach. Results prove that [...]

In this paper, we propose and experimentally evaluate a novel automatic network failure recovery mechanism based on Software Defined Networking (SDN). We demonstrate the introduction of services in this network with a reserve controller. The implemented architecture is setup to enable an efficient failure recovery mechanism in a way, in which reserve controller executes only in case of a main controller failure. Upon failure, the main controller automatically shifts control to the reserve controller for performing the computations of server load balancing and automatic bandwidth allocation until the main controller failure gets resolved. Experimented results show the estimated failure recovery [...]

This paper presents a simple feed network design approach for reducing the side lobe level. To prove the results, a micro-strip array antenna is formed with electrically-thin substrate over a single layer to give a cost-effective answer for automotive applications. The substrate is RT-Droid dielectric constant. Array feed network is design with an equal power divider for four element array and extend it to 8 elements array. Results demonstrated that this simple design lowers the side lobe level more then -22dB to -24.5dB depend upon the number of array element. The simulation is done on CST microwave studio software. [...]

This paper presents printed antenna with multiband characteristics for mobile handset applications. The antenna operates for the frequency bands of 700 MHz, 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1575 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2400 MHz, 2500 MHz and 2700 MHz for GPS, GSM, DCS, PCS and LTE applications with S11 = - 6 dB matching criteria (VSWR 3:1). The Antenna consists of driven monopole with branch lines. By properly controlling the dimensions of each slot and length of elements, desired frequencies are achieved with good radiation characteristics. The desired operating bands are achieved in a compact area of 15 [...]

Software defined networks decouples or separate control and data planes from each other while providing great amount of flexibility to the network administrators to program and manage the network and to make it functional as needed or required. High availability of controllers or distributed controllers is needed to provide fault tolerance in an environment where delays or losses in the delivery of packets cannot be tolerated. In this paper we conducted experiments of multiple controllers which provide fault tolerance in such a way that each controller has full state of information of the network topology. The throughput results for a [...]

In this paper, an implementation of different Queuing mechanisms over MPLS network for QoS of VOIP. Voice over Internet Protocol is a technology for delivery of telephone calls and other voice communication over the internet, involving the conversion of analog voice signals to digital form. To improve QoS of VOIP; different queuing mechanisms (FIFO, WFQ, CBWFQ, and LLQ) are used over MPLS network. Lan Traffic V2 (software testing tool) used to generate traffic over an MPLS network. The results gathered from the analysis on Wireshark shows that queuing mechanisms (FIFO, WFQ, CBWFQ, and LLQ) have a significant impact on QoS [...]

In this paper an automated dynamic bandwidth provisioning and virtualization in Software Defined Networks has been demonstrated. The Next Generation Optical Networks require efficient programmability which facilitates on-demand services that are not considered by standards or vendor implementations. SDN architecture is proposed for the deployment of the automated control layer capable of providing simultaneous functionality of virtualization and bandwidth provisioning. The framework introduces greater flexibility in complex networks with the simplified architecture. [...]

This paper emphasizes on the details about a web-based Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). The details about its need, functionality and scope are described in this paper. The NGO ERP System is aimed to provide central platform through which the NGOs can perform administrative tasks, manage records and improve their working environment. It also reduces the workload, cost and time through proper management and execution of the administrative tasks. The key components of this system includes biometric attendance system, inventory system, finance reports and employee record management. [...]

This paper reports the design; development and evaluation of a prototype four wheeled Skid-Steered Mobile Robot to execute in two different motion schemes. First, different types of locomotion systems used for mobile robots are compared and their pros and cons are presented. Then the mechanism designed for the prototype wheeled SSMR is described with the aid of a CAD model. To validate the designed algorithm, extensive simulation results for trajectory tracking and set-point cases are discussed. Finally, the results of field testing of the actual robot are presented and the behavior of wheeled Skid-Steered Mobile Robots in presence of slippage [...]

This paper presents advancement towards making an efficient and viable wheel chair control system based on brain computer interface via electro-oculogram (EOG) signals. The system utilizes the movement of eye as the element of purpose for controlling the movement of the wheel chair. Skin-surface electrodes are placed over skin for the purpose of acquiring the electro-oculogram signal and with the help of differential amplifier the bio-potential is measured between the reference and the point of interest, afterwards these obtained low voltage pulses are amplified, then passed through a sallen-key filter for noise removal and smoothening. These pulses are then collected [...]

Medical Imaging systems have already proved their worth in providing cheap medical facilities to the population. Over the years the medical experts are becoming more and more concerned about the increased rate of patients facing the medical condition of diabetic retinopathy. The medical experts are becoming over loaded and a need for an automated system is established. The work presented in the paper discusses a system for referral of hard exudates. The system has been formed by combing various methods like SIFT, K-means clustering, visual dictionaries and artificial neural networks. The system displays promising results [...]

The document contains methodology and manifest results of application of 2D convolution in digital image processing using MATLAB, and how different filters respond in image filtering brightening and smoothing along with edge detection and enhancement in a particular gray scale image. filters used in the research are Averaging, Gaussian and Laplacian filter, where Averaging and Gaussian filters are used mainly for image smoothing and noise reduction and Laplacian filter is used for edge detection and enhancement. Section I gives the introduction to the basis of convolution in 1D. Section II gives information and basic idea of 2D convolution in image [...]

Finding required information on any particular topic give rise information retrieval (IR) problems. Information retrieval techniques resolved these issues but these techniques are unable to extract opinions from unstructured text.Hence, for this problem opinion mining techniques are utilized. Opinion mining extracts opinions from unstructured data source efficiently but it extracts opinions with polarity either negative or positive. The single topic or product where one opinion is similar to another, opinion mining is unable to detect semantic similarity between opinions which are semantically similar. There are other tools available too (Turnitin, Viper, PlagScan) for retrieving the text or documents on [...]

In recent times, developments in field of communication and robotics has progressed with leaps and bounds. In addition, the blend of both disciplines has contributed heavily in making human life easier and better. So in this work while making use of both the aforementioned technologies, a procedure for design and implementation of a mobile operated mechanical arm is proposed, that is, the proposed arm will be operated via a cellular device that connects with the receiver mounted on the robotic arm. Moreover, over the duration of a call, if any key is pressed from the cellular device than an indicator [...]

Hard exudates are the leading causes of blindness and blurred vision in individuals suffering from Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmologists become overloaded due to examination of eye fundus images in hard exudates manual detection process. In the presented work a system for detection of hard exudates is proposed. Proposed system is formed through utilization of different mathematical and image processing tools and shows promising results. [...]

This project is intended to design a robotic vehicle controlled by the assistance of android application for remote operation. Remote camera is joined with automated vehicle for checking the circumstance around the robot. The robot with the remote camera can transmit ongoing audio and video with night vision abilities with the assistance of RF (radio recurrence) signals. This kind of robot can be helpful for spying reason in any field. At the client end android application supported gadget like Cell phone or tablet and so forth is utilized. Commands are sent to the robot for controlling the operation of the [...]

In modern world Humans rely most on Electricity, as a form of energy, to run their day-to-day businesses. In fact it will not be an exaggeration to say that mankind in increasingly getting dependent on it; it's everywhere! This importance in turn results in: (a) Finding different and cheaper means to generate electricity, first it was fossil fuel (oil) then water and solar and the list goes on. (b) Conserving and reducing the wastage of electrical energy. In this project we aim to explore part-b by Monitoring electrical parameters to examine the usage of electricity and Load controlling with the [...]

Graphene is extracted from graphite and possesses some the ideal characteristics of very light weight, high conductivity, and chemical stability. The conventional materials used as LIB electrodes fail to meet the increasing demand of more efficient, faster, and lighter charge storing cells. This magnifies the role of graphene to be used as supplementary material for achieving higher levels of battery charge capacity, reduced charge losses during discharge, and greater cyclic stability over a longer duration. The researcher has examined graphene as a hybrid or supplementary element with lithium iron phosphate (LiF ePO4), manganese oxide, (MnO2), and cobalt oxide(Co3O4), which are [...]

In this paper, unique distributive idea in the design methodology of antenna considering a constrained environment is presented. The design is carried out for aperture coupled microstrip antennas. The system parameters are evaluated and modeled to support the communication in extreme temperature constraints. The polarization is linear and working frequency is 2.4 GHz. The model is simulated on PCAAD. Design for aperture coupled patch antennas involve, ten design parameters under the constraints of bandwidth of operation. Resulting antenna structures are then simulated to find directivity and gain. Theoretical and practical values show good match. The simulated antenna can be [...]

The most common estimation algorithms used today for power system static and dynamic state estimation are the variants of Kalman filter (KF) like Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). These model based estimation algorithms are well known for their accuracies. However, it is a well known fact that EKF requires fine tuning and good initial guess for optimum performance. Moreover, these adaptive filters generally employed for estimation purposes require high computational power when it comes to real time estimation. Therefore, in this paper we propose a computationally light yet effective estimation algorithm based on state space model [...]

In this paper, an automatic segmentation method that detects lung boundaries and bypass the irrelevant information is presented. The automatic screening of chest radiographs is crucial for the rural areas where timely presence of expert radiologists is difficult. An automatic system can help save many lives. In digital image processing of chest radiographs, to detect abnormal indications, the system must be able to perform an accurate segmentation of lung area from an image because the major abnormal symptoms lies in the lung region. The designed system perform an automatic segmentation of lung region from chest radiographs through various stages such [...]

Crowd surveillance is an active topic ofresearch nowadays. Increased law and order situations have greatly alarmed the security organizations to improve security services in all the fields especially when security of crowd is brought under consideration. Crowd surveillance is different. In crowd there is congestion, noise and large number of people which are distributed in random manner which cause much difficulty for security officers. Therefore now crowds are scanned by cameras and are processed in computer for surveillance and for getting information of the scene. Many approaches have been proposed in this context. Keeping in view the complexity of scene [...]

Banks play the most important role in currency circulations almost everywhere in the world. Due to this reason, banks have become the target places of criminals. This paper proposes a solution for providing safe and healthy work environment to the personnel. The proposed security system is based on Digital Image Processing techniques. The idea is to detect the visual unconcealed weapons whenever they appear inside banks. The major problem in training any classifier is to select the appropriate features from the images so that the classifier can work with greater accuracy and efficiency. Through various research work and experiments, we [...]

In the past decade significant growth has been observed in security and assurance of information. Initially, cryptography was considered as the only appropriate approach for information security over the media. This is because at that time not very significant development occurred in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). But nowadays a tremendous growth of ICT is being observed and reported in literature. This opens a new era of steganography and steganalysis for information security and assurance. Steganography is the process of hiding data in an image. It significantly reduces the risk of information being stolen or sniffed. Steganalysis is the capability [...]

Due to its wide variety of applications, object detection has been the center of attention for researchers in the field of digital image processing and computer vision. When trained with the sample training dataset, various object classifiers can detect and classify the objects with prominent accuracy and precision. The major step in any of the object classification algorithm is feature selection. Performance of the classifier depends on robustness of the feature vector selected. This paper presents unconcealed gun detection method by using Boosted Cascade Classifier. The classifier was trained with two of the widely known feature types: Haar-like features and [...]

Secure information transmission has always been of immense importance in all sorts of communication systems. In this area, cryptographic algorithms have been evolved and employed over decades. After the release of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) most of the people have made its animations in 128-bit, which is very difficult to understand by the beginners. This paper is about complete structure of Simplified Advanced Encryption Standard (SAES) and its step by step implementation in graphics form using Flash. Aim of this paper is to represent SAES in such an easy way that it helps beginners to understand each step of key [...]

The term machinability of workpiece materials relates to the easiness of a metal to be machined to an adequate surface finish. This paper clarified the analysis of laser sintered material machinability with mean of predicted cutting force and temperature distribution. 2D orthogonal cutting was employed on edge design tools with updated Lagrangian coupled thermo mechanical plane strain model. Adaptive meshing, tool edge radius and various types of friction models were assigned to obtain precise cutting results. Cutting force and cutting-edge temperature estimated by FE analysis are validated against corresponding experimental values by previous researchers. From the study, cutting force increases [...]

A graph G is said to be domination dot stable ( DDS ) if ? ( G uv ) = ? ( G ), for all u, v ? V ( G ), u adjacent to v. In this paper we show that every graph is an induced subgraph of a DDS graph and we discuss few methods of generating new DDS graphs from existing DDS graphs using various graph operations. [...]

The success of an organization during New Product Development activities in the long run depends on the ability to base its strategies and processes on the products it makes. This scientific paper presents green design product lifecycle management for incorporating green engineering concepts into new product design. The proposed Product Lifecycle Management tool begins at DEFINE / PLANNING phase and ends at MANAGEMENT REVIEW phase. Developing a process in green engineering is very important. Poor process would results in ineffectiveness for contributing green design into the society. The result of this paper is any organization can implement this proposed green [...]

The health effects of noise among residents of Obantoko, Ogun State, Nigeria was assessed using 43- item questionnaire. A sample size of 262 persons was randomly selected which cut across different age groups and sex. Results showed that Obantoko residents are in constant exposure of generator noise which results in adverse health effect of the habitants which includeshearing impairment, interference with spoken communication, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular disturbances, impaired task performance and negative social behavior and annoyance reactions. The negative health effects of noise noted among residents of Obantoko deserves urgent attention. [...]

This research is conducted to examine the performance of concrete where bio-materials like rattan, wood and bamboo are used as coarse aggregate (CA). Related comparison is made with the concrete where conventional stone is used. Three mixing ratios -1:2:2, 1:2:2 and 1:2:4, having the same water to cement ratio were considered in this research. Full study was conducted by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and sand of a constant FM. The maximum size of any coarse aggregate was kept below 19 mm. Curing of all samples was done for 28 days and crushing was performed after 56 days. Within this time [...]

In the present paper, a study has been conducted to investigate the shock induced turbulent flow fields and shock/turbulent-boundary layer interaction at the nozzle divergent. Experimental photographs and numerical images are used to investigate on laminar flow structures, transition phenomena, flow separation line as well as viscous boundary layer separation, turbulence structure development and shock/turbulent-boundary layer interaction. It is observed that transition from laminar to turbulent flow separation is shown earlier at the nozzle divergent for the weaker shock wave propagation and the fully developed turbulence is appeared with unsteady flow fluctuations at the end of the nozzle divergent. It [...]

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) represents a very important geospatial data type in the analysis and modelling of different hydrological and ecological phenomenon which are required in preserving our immediate environment. DEMs are typically used to represent terrain relief. DEMs are particularly relevant for many applications such as lake and water volumes estimation, soil erosion volumes calculations, flood estimate, quantification of earth materials to be moved for channels, roads, dams, embankment etc. In this study, three different sources of spatial data in the generation of DEMs (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 30, Digitized Topographical map and Google Earth Pro.) were [...]

This paper presents an introduction to cloud computing and its applications. Cloud computing is a model where users can gain access to their applications from anywhere through their connected devices. A survey of its architecture and latest trends is also presented [...]

Our focus of this paper is to discuss a method to determine the dynamics of two different continental plates, using GPS signals. The continental plates that are selected for the analysis are N.American and S.American plates. To determine the dynamics or plate movements, navigational signals of GPS are used. Access was made possible by Onsala Space Research Laboratories, Sweden [1]. Data from GPS measurements are observed for a time span of about eight to ten years. Second part of this paper deals with the use of GPS signals to help us measure the change in the troposphere. Thus [...]

This paper deals with the implementation of a coverage path planning algorithm for automated exploration of a known 2D world. The coverage path planning is the determination of set of goal points in the map, the robot must take in order to cover the entire environment. In this paper, segmentation based Boustrophedon Coverage algorithm is implemented and it is found that segmentation based implementation has certain advantages over classical implementation of Boustrophedon algorithm. The classical implementation is based on connectivity of a vertical sweeping line for determining obstacles in the environment. The Boustrophedon Decomposition is basically a generalization of the [...]

Simulators are the most dominant and eminent tool for analyzing and investigating different type of networks. The simulations can be executed with less cost as compared to largescale experiment as less computational resources are required and if the simulation model is carefully designed then it can be more practical than any well brought-up mathematical model. Generally P2P research is based on the principle of simulate first and then experiment in the real world and there is no reason that simulation results cannot be reproducible. A lack of standard documentation makes verification of results harder as well as due to such [...]

The work presented in this paper demonstrates a method to obtain an inverse function of a trained neural network by connecting it with a PID controller in a close loop. This scheme is implemented to predict a process parameter controlling the efficiency of a compact axial flow gas liquid separator (I-SEP). The data is taken from an experimental study of I-SEP (compact separator) with air-water two phase flow. It was found during these experiments that by manipulating the pressure difference between the two outlets of separator and the inlet, the performance parameter i.e. Gas Carry-Under (GCU) and Liquid Carry-Over [...]

During WoT, one of the biggest challenges raised on borders of India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan (IPIA) is the horrible damages to Allied Forces by ambushing convoys for fuel supply. Such a failure of manual system of defense fleet due to security breaches (under the most advanced surveillance by DRONE aircrafts) has been burgeoning alarms for the joint struggle. In this paper, we analyze the problem and design a new automated fleet maintenance system for a defense organization of the country. We observe during testing phase that minimizing human interactions (i.e. less human resource) in the fleet system makes [...]

A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is a nonlinear equalizer which utilizes the previous detector assessment to mitigate the intersymbol interference (ISI) on received symbols. Alternatively, we can say that the distortion on the current symbol that was caused by previous symbols is eliminated. While linear equalizer (LE) can be employed on the channels where the ISI is not significantly present but in case when there is a severe ISI channel then DFE's have been effectively used to mitigate ISI. Different techniques have been proposed to improve the decision feedback equalization performance. In this paper we have reviewed some of the [...]

A new method is introduced for the identification of the nonlinear multi input multi output (MIMO) Wiener Model, comprising of linear dynamics in cascade with static nonlinearities. The static nonlinearities are modeled by Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) and the linear part is modeled by MIMO autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. The new algorithm makes use of the well known mapping ability of RBFNN. The learning algorithm is an extension of SISO identification scheme presented in [1] . The proposed algorithm estimates the weights of the RBFNN and the coefficients of ARMA model based on least mean squares (LMS) principle [...]

Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a recently introduced learning algorithm for single hiddenlayer feedforward neural network. Compared with classical learning algorithms in neural network, e.g. Back Propagation, ELM can achieve better performance with much shorter learning time. In the existing literature, its better performance and comparison with Support Vector Machine (SVM), over regression and general classification problems catch the attention of many researchers. In this paper, the comparison between ELM and SVM over a particular area of classification, i.e. gasoline classification for arson and oil spill investigation, is conducted. Detection and correct identification of gasoline types during arson [...]

The basic motivation behind the choice of ultra wide band based antennas in wireless communication systems is there expedient feeding structure, wide bandwidth along with uncomplicated structure and low cost. Ultra Wideband wireless communication systems are not only serving in enabling applications like wireless monitors, wireless printers and efficient transfer of data from digital electronic devices but this standard is also finding its application in transfer of files among handheld devices such as personal digital assistants and especially for the mobile handsets. With every passing day handheld devices are miniaturizing which has given rise to the need of development of [...]

Data centers (DC) play a very important role in higher educational institutions (HEIs) all over the world, particularly in Pakistan for the provision of expedited and reliable services, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to that educational and financial businesses have been shifted online, which increasing the mandate of virtual data center framework with the support of Learning Management Systems (LMS), and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) for HEIs. The main reasons preventing this adoption are the cost, complexity, and security. This paper proposed a cost-effective approach for traditional DC. This method-imposed VMware ESXI Hypervisor, which utilizes a single server machine [...]

The rise of Web 2.0 has made it easier for people to share their opinions online. A significant application of Web 2.0 is micro-blogging. The proliferation of social media and related services, such as Twitter, has made it easier than ever to voice one's opinion on a wide range of topics. As a result, micro-blogging platforms are rich in data for use in Sentiment Analysis and opinion mining. Due to Twitter's character constraint of 140 characters, simple text-based analysis in this area typically proven unproductive because tweets do not consist of consistent and syntactically valid terms. In this [...]

This study aimed to find the optimal price for an airline ticket while ensuring that the customer does not cancel their booking. A dataset provided by an online airline reservation company in Pakistan named SASTAticket was used, which consisted of approximately 1 million records with 12 features. The independent variables included the booking date, booking time, departure date, departure time, refundable ticket, baggage weight, and baggage pieces, while the output variable was the target price to be predicted. Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant relationship between the target variable and the baggage weight, baggage pieces, and booking month. Three [...]

Possessing adequate knowledge of a given market or business environment is required for the success or growth of a company. The study aims at determining the variables that influence the growth of small and medium sized contractors' in Cape Coast Metropolis. A questionnaire survey was employed in the study to obtain the required data from professionals made up of building and civil engineering contractors. Out of the two hundred questionnaires administered, only one hundred and twenty-one were returned and represented 60.5%. The study identified six factors, three each from building stable teamwork and appropriate management systems) to be the [...]

In this paper if any vehicle violating the traffic rules for example, break the signal, wrong parking and over speeding etc. our Paper will automatically detect a vehicle's number plate and allow authority to scan his/her data that is stored in their database and send them the challan inform of email and inform them to pay their challan within respective day. The main reason of doing this because the traffic is increasing on daily basis in our country, it gets more and more difficult to find out the culprits of traffic violations, including signal violation, over speeding, and illegal car [...]

Health is considered a basic right of every living being on this planet earth. To monitor and sustain, countries of the world contributed to develop an organization called World Health Organization in 1946. Still children from many developing countries still suffer from hunger and disease by complications of malpractices. It is believed that in a child learning, school education is prior to any source. The main source of such uncountable incidents were insufficient policies to eradicate occurrences caused by disease and improve quality life. Considering Peoples Republic of China as the leader in the race of developing countries has emerged [...]

Humans are bounded with emotions expressed in the form of words as a syntax to their languages. It is itself a debate that how can a machine represent emotions with the words delivered through it. A syntax without expressible emotions may lead to generate misunderstanding followed by skirmishes even among the most cited relation, The Marriage. Technologist are putting efforts to redefine the transmission able messages with emotions like emoji's, can be different from the context. Sentiment analysis is a science term in a domain of cognitive science to analyze and deduce the emotions behind the words non-invasively. To date, [...]

As the Restaurant industry is growing rapidly. The demand for an effortless POS (Point of Sale) system which can make management easy is increasing. So, the purpose of this study is to digitalise the growing industry of restaurants and its consumers by utilizing cross-platform development. Cross-platform development frameworks provide great opportunities to solve the issues of handling ubiquitous devices with minimum efforts to reduce the cost and increase the stability, accessibility of the end consumers. By availing those opportunities, an Integrated POS system with cross platform is proposed. This integrated cross-platform POS system is originally designed for a single restaurant [...]

Construction projects are running very rapidly throughout the world. Construction projects are suffered from many challenges like delay, quality standards and cost overrun. Cost overrun has been a very common issue nowadays particularly in building projects. The objective of this paper is to find out the causes of budget overrun in building projects and their possible measures. This work is based on a questionnaire survey to collect the data. A questionnaire was given to the key project participants; contractors, clients and consultants, to rank the causes of budget overrun in building projects based on view of survey respondents. Out of [...]

In later a long time, intrigued in optical wireless (OW) as a promising complementary technology for RF innovation has picked up modern momentum fueled by noteworthy arrangements in strong state lighting innovation. The LI-FI communication technology aims to meet the growing demand for high-speed data transmission. Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a technology that uses a method of 'illumination' to transmit data. The intensity of light fluctuates dramatically. In Li-Fi, the light can be switched on and off at high speeds. One of the more advanced optical remote communication methods is Visible Light Communication (VLC), in which light within the visible range [...]

De-focusing of lenses and bokeh are two causes of blurry images in an underwater setting. The noise created by the water environment obscures the object's features in the photograph. Integration of three different image processing techniques has been made to recognise object in blur image with the least amount of false feature matching. Preprocessing to reduce image blurriness and noise, Euclidean form detection to reduce the risk of false matching, and feature extraction for object detection are all included. A supervised machine learning strategy for Euclidean form detection has been suggested to prevent classifiers from making false matches. Features are [...]

In recent years, optimal allocation and sizing of Distributed generation algorithms have been widely applied to obtain an optimal solution to maximize the DG benefits. However, the best principle in optimizing this work is still unsolved. Therefore, this paper presents the impact of different population numbers and the number of iterations in DG optimal allocation and sizing. The simulation was performed using the two meta-heuristic algorithms, namely Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DEA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Both algorithms have been deployed to minimize the power loss using different population numbers and maximum iteration numbers on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution [...]

Frustration in software development is defined as an obstacle in the persuasion of an expected and defined goal. It was observed specifically, when working on agile methodology in which changes are welcomed on every step and customer demand has the highest priority. The purpose of conducting this research is to highlight the frustration identified in software developers at different levels and from different industries. For this purpose, the approach that has been followed is comprehending response from the industry against the major limitation of extreme programming model based on agile methodology. Methodology consists of a survey paper, 150 software developers [...]

While doing any mathematical derivation or writing some mathematical equations, a pen and a paper is an obvious choice and todays world is of computer age. It clearly indicates a need for a system, which can understand the handwritten equations and convert it into digital format. This project performs the digitization of handwritten equations, which takes the image of handwritten equations as input and convert it into computer generated text form. [...]

The use of radio over fiber technologies in the fifth generation of mobile communications will be critical role to enhancing transmission capacity, mobile cells should be made efficient and user-friendly, with architecture that is simple enough for a layperson to manage, especially for smart grid and cloud computing applications. Due to IEEE's low-cost and efficient use of Local Area Network, Since the number of WLAN users increases daily, we will maintain a millisecond delay in order to prevent traffic or congestion, as this is required for 5G applications. Our research has shown that multi gigahertz pulse train recurrence is essential [...]

For imporving the quality of life IoT marked itself to one of the main contributors hence it is growing rapidly to acheive the goals. Technological advancement and immense growth is the main factors for the development of IoT to the next level. Low cost IoT devices and cheaply available is the key for continuous growth and adoption of IoT. The need of Operating system for IoT is arises for the advancement to support newly developed IoT hardware so that it can support standards and techniques for all the communication layers and the way forward.The range of IoT OS availability [...]

In this research work classification of anomalous and non anomalous behavior in video streams using unsupervised machine learning techniques is performed. The research also focuses on identifying machine learning algorithm that are investigated the potential of simple but fast and accurate in the classification of anomalous and non-anomalous behavior. [...]

The analysis of programming assignment manually is difficult, error prone and time consuming task when it comes to huge number of students enrolled in programming courses. The solution to such problem is to have automatic grading system which assist the student assignments electronically and improve student programming learning skills by more practices. This paper presents an automatic grading approach for java programming assignment of students named “online coding ghost”. It is based on web application that facilitate both instructor and the student to submit assignments and check evaluation results generated by the system. The assignment grading evaluation is performed by [...]

low powered, low bandwidth, scalable and cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) based health monitoring model is proposed in this research. The proposed model is emulated using Packet Tracer version 7.1. The proposed model is based on detailed diagnosis report of the critical patients that is to be shared virtually with specialized doctors located in urban areas. The detailed diagnosis data of the patient is monitored and collected by the combination of body sensor feedbacks using multiple protocols (Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee and 6LoWPAN). The collected data from the WBAN and the clustered configuration of allocated health monitoring nodes reach [...]

In software engineering the key problem is changing the code and coping with the complexity from the huge amount of data as systems evolve and their structure decays, maintainers need accurate and automatic identification of the design problems. Consequently, they miss essential information as design problems evolve over time. To address these type of issues visualization techniques are being used to visualize source code co-change pattern. In this paper we proposed an approach to visualize source code co-change pattern along with source code metrics to identify the complex change pattern. Moreover, we propose a visualization technique that can be used [...]

These days we have seen that data has been generated in very huge amounts which requires recovery services. Cloud computing provides a huge platform for sharing the data on many places. It introduces a lot of services like infrastructure as a service (IaaS) that provides virtual and physical resources, software as a service (SaaS) which delivers software that provides remote accessibility for consumers over the Internet, platform as a service (PaaS) that delivers computing tracks mostly includes in programming languages and operating systems and network as a service (NaaS) that provides actual network transport data connectivity services. Now we have [...]

Sensor network is collection of huge number of sensor nodes to capture and monitor the physical sensing capabilities such as temperature, sound, light, humidity, pressure, etc. At the Present sensor networks supposed to be active and pre-programmed devices that can continuously forward data to the central storage location for analysis and to performing oine queries. For such tremendously growing data from sensors, prevailing tools and methods are required to process data eciently and accurately instantly; otherwise the response time of data processing will be too much annoying. To overcome this challenge, an aggregation model was designed to improve query response [...]

Accurate and realistic electricity demand projection has attained greatest ever importance in overall energy planning. Various methods are found in the literature for electricity demand forecasting ranging from econometric models to statistical tools and the energy models. The demand of electricity in the country has increased along with the number of electricity consumers in Pakistan over last 2-3 decades. However, the countrys energy and power departments capacity to rationally forecast electricity demand and subsequent planning as well as the implementation of developed strategies has not delivered to meet the demand. This paper examines the long-term electricity demand forecasting approaches and [...]

Significant role is played by traction control system (TCS) in road vehicles, because slip occurs during driving on wet road or snowy surface. However, it is very dangerous to drive on the icy or snowy road without traction control system, because in that condition the vehicle can lose its path. In such condition, to control a vehicle is very difficult task for drivers. Drivers can regulate easily the traction torque of vehicle driving on difficult surface by using TC system. It also makes our journey safe. Owing to such system high way automation system can be made safer. In high [...]

This paper presents a human motion based electromagnetic energy harvester for bio-medical devices. This harvester is composed of a Teflon tube, cylindrical magnets, rubber spring and wound coils. The developed energy harvester is tested on an experimental setup which has been developed to test power generation capability of the device with the vibration shaker at 3 g acceleration level. The combined open circuit maximum voltage of 4140 mV is generated by the harvester at 19 Hz and 3 g. Moreover, the harvester produced an optimum load power of 1.89 mW at a load resistance of 25 W and successfully [...]

multi-mode vibration based electromagnetic type energy harvester has been illustrated in this work. The harvester consists of two planar movable coils (PMCs), acrylic spacers and permanent magnets placed on a membrane (latex). Fabrication and experimentation of the prototype is presented. The PMC and acrylic spacers are fabricated through computer numerical control (CNC) machine. The prototype is characterized at a frequency sweep of 5-200 Hz under various acceleration levels. The device has three resonant frequencies of 73 Hz, 100 Hz and 123 Hz at relatively higher acceleration level of 3 g. Single PMC of the prototype at resonant frequency (first) of [...]

This paper analyzes the performance of MMSE channel estimation in multiuser massive MIMO system under the Log-Normal shadowing. In this system, there are K number of decentralized User Equipment (UE) with single antenna and large number of antennas at the base station (BS). Pilot symbols are utilized for time division duplex (TDD) channel estimation. Performance of MMSE channel estimation of two existing algorithms is analyzed at different values of power pathloss, at different number of users, and at different number of antennas at the BS in the system. Results show that the performance of channel estimation degrades with the increase [...]

Current era of advancement in microelectroniccommunication and networking has inspired researchers to analyse, design and develop cost effective integrated sensing, computing and communicating through Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN is a group of lowpowered, tiny devices capable to sense the environment, gather and process that sensed data and communicating with each other to achieve certain results of common tasks. In this paper, the results and models of experiments supported and using the Wireless sensor equipment with distances extending from 80m to 100m are presented. The results illustrate that Short distance wireless sensor networks (SDWSN) are conceivable and the distance affect [...]

Music is part of art when it comes to recreation entertainment or it can be considered as the source of therapeutic medium. The music is grouped in different genres, the most common way to differentiate among these genres is to label an artist or song as belonging to a specific genre, like classical, pop, folk, ghazal, bhangra, rock, Noha, Naat/Hamd and many others. However, prediction of user mood such as positive, negative, energetic, sleepy by analyzing their music genres specifically for Indian and Pakistani songs is still a key issue. One of the most common way to get peoples likes [...]

Music genre is a conventional category that identifies some piece of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions characterized by similarities in form, style or subject matter. Traditional method of genre classification tends to extract features and use them to predict labels. These features are independent of each other and do not provide meaning to music genre classification process. In order to achieve semantic meaning of features, feed-forward neural network model with stochastic gradients descent and back propagation algorithm with the categorical cross entropy loss function is investigated in this paper. The main objective is to [...]

Sentiment Classification is the process of exploring sentiments, emotions, opinions and facts in the sentences which are expressed by the people. Machine learning techniques and Lexicon based techniques are mostly used in sentiment classification to predicate sentiments from customers reviews and comments. In this paper, we aim to classify movie reviews in positive and negative classes by using Naive Bayes classifier (Machine Learning algorithm). Experimental results shows that accuracy of Naive Bayes classifier on large movie reviews dataset is 86.8%. [...]

In regards of smart and efficient energy management, many think that standby mode is purely the solution in reducing the electrical usage. However, the standby mode of electrical appliances is also among one of the main factors that contributes to the electrical wastage as the appliances still consume electrical energy during the standby operation. This research mainly focuses on creating a Fuzzy Expert System (FES) with a combination of image processing that minimizes the standby mode or phantom load and to evaluate the performance of the created dummy load system based Prototype. Applying the results of this research, the standby [...]

Teaching is always said to be twice learning, the traditional SQL Teaching, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) performs the task to teach individuals SQL Queries, where user is taught by ITS, by giving some examples, using some scenarios, but we have introduced, learning by teaching technique in this ITS system, where student becomes a teacher and ITS becomes a student. In our system, an Artificial Intelligence based teachable agent, named as Iqra is introduced which behaves like a student and want to learn from the one who is using ITS system. First Student Tutor is taught SQL Queries by ITS system, [...]

Umoji is a realistic facial expression digital image/icon that can be used to express real facial expressions in order to increase interaction with one another in an entertaining way. This paper introduces the reader with the importance of text messaging using emojis and its popularity. Emoticon and emoji's are smiley's used to express basic human expressions. Second, we discuss to use real life emoticons in text messaging applications and to further secure users password using an Umoji as an authentication system. This paper discusses and illustrate the statistical results gathered from survey in SZABIST Hyderabad campus about what they think [...]

In this era of internet, E-Business and e-commerce applications are using Databases as their integral part. These Databases irrespective of the technology used are vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. These Attacks are considered very dangerous as well as very easy to use for attackers and intruders. In this paper, we are proposing a new approach to detect intrusion from attackers by using SQL injection. The main idea of our proposed solution is to create trusted user profiles fetched from the Queries submitted by authorized users by using association rules. After that we will use a hybrid (anomaly + misuse) detection [...]

This paper describes an in depth analysis of successful and unsuccessful software Projects and the Role of Software Project Mangers in that success. One of the main reason in software project success is manager. Software houses are investing too much in this regard but the average ratio of software project failure is on the high side. Project managers experience, technical knowledge, and skills are not good enough for success in general. In this paper we have conducted a survey related to the approached used by different project managers, their methods and techniques, and the success ratio of their projects, and [...]

—In spite of many advantages, microstrip patch are affected by the disadvantage of low having low bandwidth. In addition to many other factors, that determine the bandwidth of these antennas, one important parameter is the shape of the patch.The idea suggested in this paper is relating the proper shape of microstrip patch antenna for higher bandwidth operations using the phenomenon of fringing on finite surface of patch and estimating its occurrence from numerical integration.For this purpose, surface charge density on metallic surfaces is taken under consideration. This is obtained by carrying out computations on a geometric sequence of [...]

—Dual element diamond Sierpinski Fractal MIMO antenna is presented with bandwidth enhanced characteristics. The antenna operates for the frequency bands of 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz for DCS, WIFI, WIMAX and WLAN applications with S11 = -10 dB matching criteria (VSWR 2:1). The two fractal elements are symmetrically placed at the adjacent sides of the substrate for overall compact size of the antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and height of 1.6 mm. The optimization of the frequency bands of the [...]

It is a well-known fact that the performance of classical hard computing is found to be constrained in finding the optimized solution which may not be in the search space. This issue has been resolved by employing various soft computing approaches. A soft computing approach evolves new solutions from within the given search space and then finds the optimal solution based on the given objective(s) and constraint(s). Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swam optimization (PSO) algorithm are the most employed evolutionary algorithms for solving multi-objective complex problems. Moreover, researchers have proposed three different types of their hybrid combination for extra [...]

Potential of Game Based learning is huge because people are already engaged in playing entertainment game and multiple intelligent tutors have been designed for teaching various domains and topics. The Challenge is to develop a model to overcome and to fill the gap between serious game and ITS and through which learning activities would become more organized and meaning full. This research demonstrates a conceptual model which describes how game mechanics used in serious games and can be incorporated in intelligent tutoring systems to provide more effective learning. Multiple researches conclude that intelligent tutoring systems are effective but due to [...]

In this paper, an implementation of an end to end fault tolerant solution for Dynamic traffic recovery has been performed using a centralized controller. SDN develops programmability within a network by providing flexibility towards innovation with variant policy implementation, as vendor specific policy building restricts dynamic application building. The Minimum Spanning Tree (shortest path algorithm) has been implemented providing resolution for loop confrontation and reduction in convergence delays with faster transmission towards the destination. The algorithm not only maintains loop avoidance procedure within a recovery time of 48 to 60 msbut provides fault tolerance at a faster rate for the [...]

Non-invasive Electroencephalography (EEG) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is a growing technology which provides a possibility for intuitive operation comprising a multi-degree of freedom for upper extremity prosthesis. In this paper, we investigate bio signal classification concerns. Understanding bio signals and perform any action on behalf of it is a difficult task to accomplish. This method comprises of classification, feature extraction of EEG signals and objective was to make process as simple as possible. In this trial we first collected the patterns of four different types of facial activities namely right smirk, left smirk, eye blink and neutral activity. Firstly [...]

In this paper performance analysis of WSN based earthquake monitoring system is carried out using queuing theory. Queuing Theory has been used as an analyzing tool for any communication system. The WSN nodes transmit their data packets (obtained from the ground motion as input) to the centralized node/server which subsequently forwards the incoming data packets to the main station using backhaul link. While evaluating the performance, in this study we have considered two scenarios. In first scenario, the modeling of wireless channel (present between nodes and centralized node) is not taken into account, whereas in second scenario the wireless channel [...]

In Wireless Sensor Networks, the sensor nodes are battery powered small devices designed for long battery life. These devices also lack in terms of processing capability and memory. In order to provide high confidentiality to these resource constrained network nodes, a suitable security algorithm is needed to be deployed that can establish a balance between security level and processing overhead. The objective of this research work is to perform a security analysis and performance evaluation of recently proposed Secure Force algorithm. This paper shows the comparison of Secure Force 64, 128, and 192 bit architecture on the basis of avalanche [...]

This study investigates the potential usefulness of periwinkle shell as an alternative replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete work. The mechanical properties of concrete with fine and coarse aggregates components fully and partly replaced with lateritic sand and periwinkle shell was investigated. A working sample of one hundred and thirty five concrete cubes of 100mm dimensions were produced and cured in water for 7, 14 and 28 days. The fine aggregates and coarse aggregates were replaced with lateritic sand and periwinkle shells respectively at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 100%. The mix proportions adopted for this work was 1:1½:3, 1:2:4 [...]

Design and fabrication of resonant aperture coupled patch antennas at a particular frequency is a complex and difficult process because of the intrications involved in multilayer architecture. The design process requires correct formulations relating the output to input variables. In this paper we undertook the task to confront the design problems of electromagnetically aperture coupled patch antenna. Design methodology of antenna is presented taking all the parameters subjectively. The system parameters related to patch length and slot length are evaluated by CST and modeled to support the communication in extreme temperature constraints. For simulation, the polarization is linear and working [...]

The principal purpose behind this study was to investigate the effect of the variables "analyzing ability & age level" which incapacitates the sparing propensity of a singular and "current circumstances" which has a fragile acquaintanceship with sparing propensity of individuals. A self-made survey was used with the final objective of data gathering. Population for this examination was the individuals with medium level of wages and with the age furthest reaches of 40-55 from diverse associations of Pakistan. The assembled data was analyzed with the support of clear dismemberment, correlation examination, and the direct regression technique similarly. The finish of this [...]

Internet has procreated unpretentious petition for broadband facilities, foremost to extraordinary development in Internet Protocol (IP) data traffic. This huge data traffic is placing burden on shippers to evaluate their networks. A development beyond 56 Kb/s is not able to offer enough bandwidth for video on demand (VOD), shared gaming, IP telephony & video communication. An Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is a scalable access complex technology that provide optical access path between a carrier office (CO) and customer’s site at a low-cost. In other words, EPON means the merger of Ethernet equipment and low cost fiber infrastructure at low [...]

The railway wheelset of vehicle has enormous importance in its dynamics and modeling point of view. The knowledge of pertaining dynamics for proper running of railway wheels over railway tracks affected by the disturbances is very essential. Hence it is necessary to model the rail-wheel contact patches properly to avoid detrimental accidents due to improper adhesion level based to relation of creep analysis. The yaw motion is one of three degrees of freedom which varies with other two degree of freedom in longitudinal and lateral dimensions. In this paper, these generated disturbances are estimated by using kalman filter algorithm to [...]

A Mobile AdHoc Network (MANET) is a network of nodes that communicating with each other without help from a fixed network infrastructure. Securing MANETS is an important part of deploying and utilizing them, since they are often used in critical applications like Commercial, Military, and Private sector where data and communications integrity in important. To obtain an acceptable level of security, conventional security solutions are supposed to be attached with an intrusion detection mechanism. In this thesis, we analyze few wireless Adhoc security attacks and vulnerabilities relative to topology control schemes and evaluate their performance under hostile environments. We propose [...]

In this paper, a 4x4 half-wavelength open Dipole multi-input multi-output (MIMO) measurements campaign at a frequency of 5.2 GHz is presented. Channel transfer function of the system is measured within 400MHz for different antenna polarization and displacement. Channel capacity, Correlation Coefficient, Ricean K-factor, as well as the channel delay spread are investigated in order to estimate the performance of a real MIMO dipole in an indoor environment. It is observed that with a fixed SNR, the capacities of VV and HV configuration increases with distance whereas HH and VH decreases with distance. Furthermore, it was realized that a set [...]

In this paper a complete system of recognition and controlling of any vicinity security parameter is proposed based on the neural network architecture for automation and self decision making for the vehicle authentication and permission for entering into the premises of Iqra University Main Campus .This Implemented Process is based on the Segmentation of the characters from the Number Plate Of the Vehicles entering into the premises, by using the well known method of projection method and recognition of the characters is done by using the BPNN based algorithm designed for the said problem. [...]

This paper presents a very interactive, innovative and rarely used multi touch surface. The most attractive factor in this surface is that it can sense more than one contact at a time. Different techniques are being used for the construction of this IR touch surface. The technique which we have used to build multi touch is LED-LP (LED Light Plane) technique. A very useful and cost efficient technique as compared to other techniques. All the techniques are based on IR source. Calibration factor is the most important factor for sensing. The details of the implementation phase and the initial prototype [...]

Sand, an important refractory material in founding, significantly influences the properties of the mould and quality of the cast. This work investigates the qualities of sand and clay from Eagle Island (behind Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria). The physical and chemical properties of the sand were examined using sieves, mortar and piston, compaction loading machine, electron meter, ph meter, etc. The test was in accordance with American Foundry Man’s Society specification. Results show the sand and clay to be good for foundry industries. [...]

This paper investigates the influence of the design parameters of the upper ferromagnetic shunt, namely the value of the holding area H S , that creates a holding force H F , equal to that in breakaway stage in magnitude of this holding force at the breakaway stage. The design of an integrated circuit and the equivalent magnetic circuit of the integrated LEMM on breakaway stage was built, mathematical models of system were laid out. The resulting holding force will vary in range of (0.05...0.15) to (0.2...0.55). [...]

Choice of travel modes for school trip are modeled in this paper using discrete choice analysis to identify the most influential factors that induces people to use school bus. A Multinomial Logit (MNL) mode choice model was developed in this regard using Stated Preference (SP) surveys. Model was generalized using two case studies; Blue Bird School & College and Scholarshome. Both of the schools are located in Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) area, one of the major city of Bangladesh located north east part of the country. Attributes and their levels for SP survey were taken from preliminary survey conducted on [...]

Single frequency GNSS receivers are the most widely used tools for tracking, navigation and georeferencing around the world. It is estimated that over 75% of all GNSS receivers used globally are single frequency receivers and users experience positioning error due to the ionosphere. To enable GNSS Single Frequency Precise Point Positioning (SFPPP), accurate a-priory information about the ionosphere is needed. The variation of the ionosphere is larger around the magnetic equator and therefore depends on latitude, it will be expected that SFPPP works better on latitude further from the magnetic equator. This present study aims to investigate the accuracy of [...]

The decay of the grid-generated turbulence has been investigated numerically by solving the time-dependent threedimensional Navier-Stokes equations with k-? turbulence model for a compressible fluid. Turbulence grids are placed in the shock tube to generate shock induced turbulence in the wake of the grid plate. All turbulent fluctuations are computed along the longitudinal distance in the wake of the grid plate in the shock tube and it is observed that the decay of the turbulence and the decay of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) level are accelerated along the downstream direction and the percentage of decay depends on the strength of [...]

The study compares the use of bio-aggregates from rattan, wood and bamboo as coarse aggregate in concrete. Also reinforced concrete short columns were made where the above mentioned coarse aggregates were used having bamboo and rattan as reinforcement. Full study was conducted by OPC, ASTM Type-1, sand of a constant fineness modulus (FM) of 2.79 and water–cement ratio of 0.485. Curing of samples was done for 28 days and crushing was performed after 56 days. The highest and lowest compressive stress was found in the concrete where coarse aggregate was rattan and bamboo respectively. The compressive strength of [...]

In commercial wireless communication system, most radios operate in time division duplex (TDD) mode that cannot transmit and receive at the same time in the same frequency band. We present a type of Gaussian degraded relay channel with nodes using light radios.The achievability of Gaussian degraded light relay channel is proved by using superposition encoding and successive decoding techniques. The converse is derived using the min-cut max-flow theorem for networks with light nodes. Our work of capacity analysis shows that even with light radios, our technique of coding is beneficial and has the advantage of capacity over direct transmission. [...]

Climate monitoring, prediction and research have become a core pillar of the global response to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Improved accuracy about the pace of change and better definition of uncertainty levels improves policy definition and may accelerate a global consensus. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), along other international organizations, sponsor the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). GCOS supports the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Operationally, the GCOS has identified 44 Essential Climate Variables (ECV) as being essential to understanding the climate change process and developing the appropriate mitigation [...]

The generation, characteristics and energy potential of municipal solid waste for power generation in Nigeria is presented in this paper. Nigeria generates 0.44-0.66 kg/capita/day of MSW resulting in a waste density of 200-400 kg/m3characterised by organic and inorganic sources.The direct burning of this wastes as a waste management option in the open air at elevated temperatures liberates heat energy, inert gases and ash which can be conveniently used for power generation where the net energy yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of moisture and inert materials, size and shape of the [...]

Due to the power crisis in Pakistan there is a growing market of small household generators ranging from 2-3 KVA which can handle the load of a small house comprising of a few fans, lights, a computer and a TV. These generators are cheap and come equipped with a self-start mechanism built into the generator. On the push of a button, the user can start the generator easily. In the cities, normally these generators are used for a short period of time when the power from the grid is not available. When the power from the grid is not available [...]

P2P networking has become a promising technology and has achieved popularity as a mechanism for users to share files without the need for centralized servers. The rapid growth of P2P networks beginning with Kaza, Lime wire, Napsters, Edonkey, Gnutella etc makes them an attractive target to the creators of viruses and other security threats. This paper describes the major security issues on P2P networks (Viruses and worms) and presents the study of propagation mechanisms. In particular, the paper explores different P2P viruses and worms, their propagation methodology, outlines the challenges, and evaluates how P2P worms affect the network. The experimental [...]

This paper presents a novel approach towards the designing and development of a feasible and an embedded vehicle intrusion and theft control system using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and GPS (Global Positioning System). The proposed system uses GSM technology as one of the distinguishing building blocks of the system. A GPS module Holux GR89 is used to trace the position of the vehicle and Mercury Switches are used to collect analog data continuously, in case of an intrusion, variations will be observed in sensors reading. Continuous readings from sensors are collected on to the microcontroller constantly and on [...]

In the world of today, a major change in technology can be seen as an advantage, a number of different fields from industrial & communication to household application can be automatically controlled. This paper presents a building management system (BMS) that has been designed for Iqra University using AT89C52, which is the key module in order to perform the controlling and automation. The main area of this BMS focuses on switching and controlling of the power input/output, beside this security and HVAC process has also kept as a main concern in this system. [...]

One of the goals of modern geodesy is the global unification of vertical datums so that height data from them can be properly integrated. Well established vertical geodetic framework, apart from being the backbone of any national surveying and mapping system, also enhances the reliability of elevation data used in spatial information systems for preserving the environment and enhancing sustainable development. The GNSS technology is a three dimensional positioning tool and GNSS heighting can be viewed as a viable alternative to other more conventional forms of height measurement. Nowadays the time of GNSS static baseline determination is almost out-of-date for [...]

In this paper, an efficient scheme has been proposed to model, detect and classify the fault. The modeling of fault has been proposed with the fuzzy logic using membership function. Fault detection of the unprecedented changes in system reliability and find the failed component state by classifying the faults is proposed using kalman filter and hybrid neurofuzzy computing techniques respectively. A fault is detected whenever the moving average of the Kalman filter residual exceeds a threshold value. The fault classification has been made effective by implementing a hybrid genetic neuro-fuzzy Inference system (GANFIS). By doing so, the critical information about [...]

The study is focused on transmitting GPS observed data via the internet for near real-time post-processing solution. It exploits possible and available technology in integrating the basic concept of real-time GPS survey and post-processing technique to achieve a near real-time post-processing result. This was achieved by exploring the internet as a means of communication and transmission of GPS data for a near realtime post- processing solution. The base and rover stations were equipped with wireless mobile internet modems and portable mobile computer systems to provide the internet accessibility required for online transfer of downloaded observed GPS data in near real [...]

In this work, analysis of the multiple access interference (MAI) for synchronous CDMA systems is carried out for the BPSK modulation with random signature sequences in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environment. In this analysis, downlink scenario is considered for two different cases: (1) with perfect power control, and (2) with imperfect power control. Expressions for the probability density function (pdf) of MAI and MAI plus noise are derived for the two cases as a function of number of users and spreading factor. Gaussian approximation is also developed for these scenarios. Close agreement between analytical analysis and simulation results is [...]

In this paper, optimization techniques used in the chemical processes are explored. Chemical processes comprise of several multi-variable, non-linear and constrained blocks. The overall system performance depends on operating each block optimally. So every element has to be optimized in order to get an overall best possible outcome. This makes the choice of a good optimization algorithm very crucial. This survey includes the study of research done and implemented in the industry, perusing the variety of the optimization technique adopted, the details of the optimization algorithm, its advantages and shortcomings. [...]

The invention of computer and the Internet has provided a new channel for establishing inter personnel communication, and attracting clients for optimizing business for organizations. As the number of web users increases day-by-day, web based commerce is booming. But before going to design a website, the organizations must consider several attributes (specially the cultural aspects) of their target customers. What design elements can be used to attract them, what can hurt someone’s feelings, how different colors are interpreted in a particular region and how the people are inclined towards their cultural values etc? This difficulty arises due to the cultural [...]